MANAGEMENT
Management in business and
organizations is the function that coordinates the efforts of people to
accomplish goals and objectives using
available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or
directing, and controlling an organization or
initiative to accomplish a goal. Resourcing encompasses
the deployment and manipulation of human
resources, financial resources, technological resources,
and natural resources.
Since
organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also
be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of
useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to 'manage'
oneself, a prerequisite to attempting to manage others.
Basic functions
Management operates through
various functions, often classified as planning, organizing, staffing,
leading/directing, controlling/monitoring and motivation.
·
Planning: Deciding what needs to happen in the future
(today, next week, next month, next year, over the next five years, etc.) and
generating plans for action.
·
Organizing: (Implementation)pattern of relationships among
workers, making optimum use of the resources required to enable the successful
carrying out of plans.
·
Staffing: Job analysis, recruitment and hiring for
appropriate jobs.
·
Leading/directing: Determining what must be done in a situation and
getting people to do it.
·
Controlling/monitoring: Checking progress against
plans.
·
Motivation: Motivation is also a kind of basic function of
management, because without motivation, employees cannot work effectively. If
motivation does not take place in an organization, then employees may not
contribute to the other functions (which are usually set by top-level
management).
·
Communicating: is giving, receiving, or exchange information.
·
Creating: ability to produce original Idea,thought through
the use of imagination
Management skills
·
Political: used to build a power base and establish
connections
·
Conceptual: used to analyze complex situations.
·
Interpersonal: used to communicate, motivate, mentor and
delegate
·
Diagnostic: ability to visualize most appropriate response to
a situation
·
Technical: Expertise in one's particular functional area.
Management has the
following 3 characteristics:
1. It is a process or
series of continuing and related activities.
2. It involves and
concentrates on reaching organizational goals.
3. It reaches
these goals by working with and through people and
other organizational
resources.
Management
Levels
Most organizations have three management levels:
• Low-level managers;
• Middle-level managers; and
• Top-level managers.
These managers are classified in a hierarchy of authority, and perform different tasks. In many organizations, the number of managers in every level resembles a pyramid.Below, you'll find the specifications of each level's different responsibilities and their likely job titles.
Top-level managers
The board of directors, president, vice-president, and CEO are all examples of top-level managers.These managers are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business.In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources.Top-level managers are accountable to the shareholders and general public.
Middle-level managers
General managers, branch managers, and department managers are all examples of middle-level managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function.Middle-level managers devote more time to organizational and directional functions than top-level managers. Their roles can be emphasized as:
• Executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's
policies and the objectives of the top management;
• Defining and discussing information and policies from top management to lower management; and most importantly
• Inspiring and providing guidance to low-level managers towards better performance.
Some of their functions are as follows:
• Designing and implementing effective group and intergroup work and information systems;
• Defining and monitoring group-level performance indicators;
• Diagnosing and resolving problems within and among work groups
• Designing and implementing reward systems supporting cooperativebehavior.
Low-level managers
Supervisors, section leads, and foremen are examples of low-level management titles. These managers focus on controlling and directing.
Low-level managers usually have the responsibility of:
• Assigning employees tasks;
• Guiding and supervising employees on day-to-day activities;
• Ensuring the quality and quantity of production;
• Making recommendations and suggestions; and
• Upchanneling employee problems.
SUMBER REFERENSI :
http://managementinnovations.wordpress.com/2008/12/03/define-management-its-functions/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management
https://www.boundless.com/business/management/types-of-management/management-levels-a-hierarchical-view/
NAMA : EVI MARGARETHA
NPM : 13213004
KELAS :
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